2020
Friday, December 4, 2020
Online Event 12:00 pm – 1:30 pm EST/GMT-5
Zoom link: https://bard.zoom.us/j/94775040518?pwd=SzJlZDNPcXZKY0tjS21YZlEzRUNzdz09 The Philosophy Salon—a new initiative to promote community among students, faculty, and staff interested in philosophy—takes place every Friday from noon to 1:30pm on Zoom. Salon events include: faculty speakers from inside and outside Bard, information sessions, conversations with alumni/ae, and informal philosophical discussions. To be added to the Salon email list, contact Kathryn Tabb at [email protected] or Ruth Zisman at [email protected]. Salon schedule: September 11: Welcome and Introductions September 18: Club of Philosophy: Jay Elliott, “Could It Be Worth Thinking About Aristotle on Slavery?” September 25: Alumni Speaker Event: Ian Olasov October 2: Speaker Series: Dana Miranda, "The Riot of Disorder" October 9: Moderation Info Session October 16: Work in Progress with Marina Van Zuylen October 23: Work in Progress with Nora Ben Hammed October 30: Halloween with Thomas Bartscherer: “All That Is Deep Loves the Mask" November 6: Politics and Change with Chiara Ricciardone November 13: Speaker Series: Krisanna Scheiter November 20: Speaker Series: Rosemarie Garland Thompson December 4: Friendly Philosopher’s Club: A workshop on giving and receiving feedback December 11: What Is Philosophy? A discussion for the curious |
Friday, November 27, 2020
Online Event 12:00 pm – 1:30 pm EST/GMT-5
Zoom link: https://bard.zoom.us/j/94775040518?pwd=SzJlZDNPcXZKY0tjS21YZlEzRUNzdz09 The Philosophy Salon—a new initiative to promote community among students, faculty, and staff interested in philosophy—takes place every Friday from noon to 1:30pm on Zoom. Salon events include: faculty speakers from inside and outside Bard, information sessions, conversations with alumni/ae, and informal philosophical discussions. To be added to the Salon email list, contact Kathryn Tabb at [email protected] or Ruth Zisman at [email protected]. Salon schedule: September 11: Welcome and Introductions September 18: Club of Philosophy: Jay Elliott, “Could It Be Worth Thinking About Aristotle on Slavery?” September 25: Alumni Speaker Event: Ian Olasov October 2: Speaker Series: Dana Miranda, "The Riot of Disorder" October 9: Moderation Info Session October 16: Work in Progress with Marina Van Zuylen October 23: Work in Progress with Nora Ben Hammed October 30: Halloween with Thomas Bartscherer: “All That Is Deep Loves the Mask" November 6: Politics and Change with Chiara Ricciardone November 13: Speaker Series: Krisanna Scheiter November 20: Speaker Series: Rosemarie Garland Thompson December 4: Friendly Philosopher’s Club: A workshop on giving and receiving feedback December 11: What Is Philosophy? A discussion for the curious |
Friday, November 20, 2020
Online Event 12:00 pm – 1:30 pm EST/GMT-5
Zoom link: https://bard.zoom.us/j/94775040518?pwd=SzJlZDNPcXZKY0tjS21YZlEzRUNzdz09 The Philosophy Salon—a new initiative to promote community among students, faculty, and staff interested in philosophy—takes place every Friday from noon to 1:30pm on Zoom. Salon events include: faculty speakers from inside and outside Bard, information sessions, conversations with alumni/ae, and informal philosophical discussions. To be added to the Salon email list, contact Kathryn Tabb at [email protected] or Ruth Zisman at [email protected]. Salon schedule: September 11: Welcome and Introductions September 18: Club of Philosophy: Jay Elliott, “Could It Be Worth Thinking About Aristotle on Slavery?” September 25: Alumni Speaker Event: Ian Olasov October 2: Speaker Series: Dana Miranda, "The Riot of Disorder" October 9: Moderation Info Session October 16: Work in Progress with Marina Van Zuylen October 23: Work in Progress with Nora Ben Hammed October 30: Halloween with Thomas Bartscherer: “All That Is Deep Loves the Mask" November 6: Politics and Change with Chiara Ricciardone November 13: Speaker Series: Krisanna Scheiter November 20: Speaker Series: Rosemarie Garland Thompson December 4: Friendly Philosopher’s Club: A workshop on giving and receiving feedback December 11: What Is Philosophy? A discussion for the curious |
Friday, November 20, 2020 12:00 pm – 1:30 pm EST/GMT-5 What would a world be like if it fully welcomed and included people with disabilities? How could we build that world to share and live in together? Why would that be a better world for all of us? This presentation shows how the new field of disability studies addresses these questions by bringing forward the history, culture, politics, aesthetics, and ethics of disability and people living with disabilities. The disabilities scholar Rosemarie Garland-Thomson will be giving a talk for the Philosophy Salon entitled “Building a World that Includes Disability.” This talk will be a broad reflection on the need for a field of Disabilities Studies, including in the context of the arts as well as the humanities. We will have live captioning for the event, but if there are other accessibility needs we should be aware of, please let us know. Topic: Philosophy Salon Time: This is a recurring meeting Meet anytime Join Zoom Meeting https://bard.zoom.us/j/94775040518?pwd=SzJlZDNPcXZKY0tjS21YZlEzRUNzdz09 Meeting ID: 947 7504 0518 Passcode: 102730 One tap mobile +16465588656,,94775040518#,,,,,,0#,,102730# US (New York) +13017158592,,94775040518#,,,,,,0#,,102730# US (Germantown) Dial by your location +1 646 558 8656 US (New York) +1 301 715 8592 US (Germantown) +1 312 626 6799 US (Chicago) +1 346 248 7799 US (Houston) +1 669 900 9128 US (San Jose) +1 253 215 8782 US (Tacoma) Meeting ID: 947 7504 0518 Passcode: 102730 Find your local number: https://bard.zoom.us/u/kdqrRhqTmV Join by SIP [email protected] Join by H.323 162.255.37.11 (US West) 162.255.36.11 (US East) 115.114.131.7 (India Mumbai) 115.114.115.7 (India Hyderabad) 213.19.144.110 (Amsterdam Netherlands) 213.244.140.110 (Germany) 103.122.166.55 (Australia) 149.137.40.110 (Singapore) 64.211.144.160 (Brazil) 69.174.57.160 (Canada) 207.226.132.110 (Japan) Meeting ID: 947 7504 0518 Passcode: 102730 |
Tuesday, November 17, 2020 All of us work and study on a large campus and live in a thinly populated rural area. We tend to inhabit virtual bubbles where we are surrounded by people who see things the way we do. And whether we are newcomers to the Mid-Hudson Valley or longtime residents, we do not always understand the “signs” we encounter. What do yard signs in election season or “thin blue line” flags tell us about the landscape in which we live? What do colonial estates-turned-museums reveal about enduring inequalities? What murals and monuments “hide” in plain sight because they do not match our pre-set ideas about the place we may (or may not) feel we belong to? Who harvests the local crops but cannot afford to shop at the farmers’ market? In an effort to shine some light on systemic racism and anti-racist alternatives in our everyday surroundings, the Division of Social Studies is organizing a “Reading the Signs” roundtable over Zoom as well as an accompanying online archive. The roundtable will also offer Bard community members an opportunity to reflect on the implications of the election on November 3rd, whatever the outcome happens to be. Call for Contributions! What signs do you think need reading? What is an image, flag, space, mural, monument, memorial, item of clothing, word/phrase, etc. that points to instances of systemic racism in the past or present? What is a sign that points to anti-racist precedents in the past and/or emancipatory possibilities for the future? In the days leading up to the roundtable, the Social Studies Division invites all Bard community members (students, staff, and faculty) to send photos, videos, audio recordings, and other documents of systemic racism and anti-racism to [email protected]. All contributions must be accompanied by a brief written statement (anything from a few sentences to a substantial paragraph) that provides initial context, explanation, and interpretation. The roundtable will feature many of these contributions, which can be made anonymous upon request. The Division of Social Studies will also maintain an online archive of signs that will be available to Bard community members before and after the event. Join via Zoom Meeting ID: 863 8920 3500 Passcode: 583480 |
Friday, November 13, 2020
Online Event 12:00 pm – 1:30 pm EST/GMT-5
Zoom link: https://bard.zoom.us/j/94775040518?pwd=SzJlZDNPcXZKY0tjS21YZlEzRUNzdz09 The Philosophy Salon—a new initiative to promote community among students, faculty, and staff interested in philosophy—takes place every Friday from noon to 1:30pm on Zoom. Salon events include: faculty speakers from inside and outside Bard, information sessions, conversations with alumni/ae, and informal philosophical discussions. To be added to the Salon email list, contact Kathryn Tabb at [email protected] or Ruth Zisman at [email protected]. Salon schedule: September 11: Welcome and Introductions September 18: Club of Philosophy: Jay Elliott, “Could It Be Worth Thinking About Aristotle on Slavery?” September 25: Alumni Speaker Event: Ian Olasov October 2: Speaker Series: Dana Miranda, "The Riot of Disorder" October 9: Moderation Info Session October 16: Work in Progress with Marina Van Zuylen October 23: Work in Progress with Nora Ben Hammed October 30: Halloween with Thomas Bartscherer: “All That Is Deep Loves the Mask" November 6: Politics and Change with Chiara Ricciardone November 13: Speaker Series: Krisanna Scheiter November 20: Speaker Series: Rosemarie Garland Thompson December 4: Friendly Philosopher’s Club: A workshop on giving and receiving feedback December 11: What Is Philosophy? A discussion for the curious |
Friday, November 13, 2020
Krisanna Scheiter, Associate Professor of Philosophy, Union College
Online Event 12:00 pm – 1:30 pm EST/GMT-5 Join via Zoom: https://bard.zoom.us/j/8468103878?pwd=SE1wbGd3MGxubnEvNkp5Qng1aTRaUT09 Plato and Aristotle appear to be the first ancient Greek thinkers who recognize anger, pity, fear, and other things we call emotions as belonging to a special category of psychic pleasures and pains. Neither Plato or Aristotle present a theory of emotion and so we are left to piece one together for them from what they do say about emotions. In this paper, I will argue that Plato and Aristotle have different answers to the question "What is an emotion?" For Plato, psychic pleasures and pains occur when we imagine a certain scenario and are convinced that what we imagine will in fact turn out to be the case. For Aristotle, however, we do not have to take what we imagine to be a true representation of the world. Take for example, the emotion "hope". For Plato, hope is a kind of psychic pleasure that occurs when we imagine ourselves experiencing great pleasure in the future and we believe that we really will experience that pleasure. For Aristotle, however, we can experience pleasure just by imagining ourselves enjoying future pleasures even if we do not think that what we are imagining will really come to pass. |
Friday, November 6, 2020
Online Event 12:00 pm – 1:30 pm EST/GMT-5
Zoom link: https://bard.zoom.us/j/94775040518?pwd=SzJlZDNPcXZKY0tjS21YZlEzRUNzdz09 The Philosophy Salon—a new initiative to promote community among students, faculty, and staff interested in philosophy—takes place every Friday from noon to 1:30pm on Zoom. Salon events include: faculty speakers from inside and outside Bard, information sessions, conversations with alumni/ae, and informal philosophical discussions. To be added to the Salon email list, contact Kathryn Tabb at [email protected] or Ruth Zisman at [email protected]. Salon schedule: September 11: Welcome and Introductions September 18: Club of Philosophy: Jay Elliott, “Could It Be Worth Thinking About Aristotle on Slavery?” September 25: Alumni Speaker Event: Ian Olasov October 2: Speaker Series: Dana Miranda, "The Riot of Disorder" October 9: Moderation Info Session October 16: Work in Progress with Marina Van Zuylen October 23: Work in Progress with Nora Ben Hammed October 30: Halloween with Thomas Bartscherer: “All That Is Deep Loves the Mask" November 6: Politics and Change with Chiara Ricciardone November 13: Speaker Series: Krisanna Scheiter November 20: Speaker Series: Rosemarie Garland Thompson December 4: Friendly Philosopher’s Club: A workshop on giving and receiving feedback December 11: What Is Philosophy? A discussion for the curious |
Friday, October 30, 2020
Online Event 12:00 pm – 1:30 pm EDT/GMT-4
Zoom link: https://bard.zoom.us/j/94775040518?pwd=SzJlZDNPcXZKY0tjS21YZlEzRUNzdz09 The Philosophy Salon—a new initiative to promote community among students, faculty, and staff interested in philosophy—takes place every Friday from noon to 1:30pm on Zoom. Salon events include: faculty speakers from inside and outside Bard, information sessions, conversations with alumni/ae, and informal philosophical discussions. To be added to the Salon email list, contact Kathryn Tabb at [email protected] or Ruth Zisman at [email protected]. Salon schedule: September 11: Welcome and Introductions September 18: Club of Philosophy: Jay Elliott, “Could It Be Worth Thinking About Aristotle on Slavery?” September 25: Alumni Speaker Event: Ian Olasov October 2: Speaker Series: Dana Miranda, "The Riot of Disorder" October 9: Moderation Info Session October 16: Work in Progress with Marina Van Zuylen October 23: Work in Progress with Nora Ben Hammed October 30: Halloween with Thomas Bartscherer: “All That Is Deep Loves the Mask" November 6: Politics and Change with Chiara Ricciardone November 13: Speaker Series: Krisanna Scheiter November 20: Speaker Series: Rosemarie Garland Thompson December 4: Friendly Philosopher’s Club: A workshop on giving and receiving feedback December 11: What Is Philosophy? A discussion for the curious |
Friday, October 23, 2020
Online Event 12:00 pm – 1:30 pm EDT/GMT-4
Zoom link: https://bard.zoom.us/j/94775040518?pwd=SzJlZDNPcXZKY0tjS21YZlEzRUNzdz09 The Philosophy Salon—a new initiative to promote community among students, faculty, and staff interested in philosophy—takes place every Friday from noon to 1:30pm on Zoom. Salon events include: faculty speakers from inside and outside Bard, information sessions, conversations with alumni/ae, and informal philosophical discussions. To be added to the Salon email list, contact Kathryn Tabb at [email protected] or Ruth Zisman at [email protected]. Salon schedule: September 11: Welcome and Introductions September 18: Club of Philosophy: Jay Elliott, “Could It Be Worth Thinking About Aristotle on Slavery?” September 25: Alumni Speaker Event: Ian Olasov October 2: Speaker Series: Dana Miranda, "The Riot of Disorder" October 9: Moderation Info Session October 16: Work in Progress with Marina Van Zuylen October 23: Work in Progress with Nora Ben Hammed October 30: Halloween with Thomas Bartscherer: “All That Is Deep Loves the Mask" November 6: Politics and Change with Chiara Ricciardone November 13: Speaker Series: Krisanna Scheiter November 20: Speaker Series: Rosemarie Garland Thompson December 4: Friendly Philosopher’s Club: A workshop on giving and receiving feedback December 11: What Is Philosophy? A discussion for the curious |
Friday, October 16, 2020
Online Event 12:00 pm – 1:30 pm EDT/GMT-4
Zoom link: https://bard.zoom.us/j/94775040518?pwd=SzJlZDNPcXZKY0tjS21YZlEzRUNzdz09 The Philosophy Salon—a new initiative to promote community among students, faculty, and staff interested in philosophy—takes place every Friday from noon to 1:30pm on Zoom. Salon events include: faculty speakers from inside and outside Bard, information sessions, conversations with alumni/ae, and informal philosophical discussions. To be added to the Salon email list, contact Kathryn Tabb at [email protected] or Ruth Zisman at [email protected]. Salon schedule: September 11: Welcome and Introductions September 18: Club of Philosophy: Jay Elliott, “Could It Be Worth Thinking About Aristotle on Slavery?” September 25: Alumni Speaker Event: Ian Olasov October 2: Speaker Series: Dana Miranda, "The Riot of Disorder" October 9: Moderation Info Session October 16: Work in Progress with Marina Van Zuylen October 23: Work in Progress with Nora Ben Hammed October 30: Halloween with Thomas Bartscherer: “All That Is Deep Loves the Mask" November 6: Politics and Change with Chiara Ricciardone November 13: Speaker Series: Krisanna Scheiter November 20: Speaker Series: Rosemarie Garland Thompson December 4: Friendly Philosopher’s Club: A workshop on giving and receiving feedback December 11: What Is Philosophy? A discussion for the curious |
Friday, October 9, 2020
Online Event 12:00 pm – 1:30 pm EDT/GMT-4
Zoom link: https://bard.zoom.us/j/94775040518?pwd=SzJlZDNPcXZKY0tjS21YZlEzRUNzdz09 The Philosophy Salon—a new initiative to promote community among students, faculty, and staff interested in philosophy—takes place every Friday from noon to 1:30pm on Zoom. Salon events include: faculty speakers from inside and outside Bard, information sessions, conversations with alumni/ae, and informal philosophical discussions. To be added to the Salon email list, contact Kathryn Tabb at [email protected] or Ruth Zisman at [email protected]. Salon schedule: September 11: Welcome and Introductions September 18: Club of Philosophy: Jay Elliott, “Could It Be Worth Thinking About Aristotle on Slavery?” September 25: Alumni Speaker Event: Ian Olasov October 2: Speaker Series: Dana Miranda, "The Riot of Disorder" October 9: Moderation Info Session October 16: Work in Progress with Marina Van Zuylen October 23: Work in Progress with Nora Ben Hammed October 30: Halloween with Thomas Bartscherer: “All That Is Deep Loves the Mask" November 6: Politics and Change with Chiara Ricciardone November 13: Speaker Series: Krisanna Scheiter November 20: Speaker Series: Rosemarie Garland Thompson December 4: Friendly Philosopher’s Club: A workshop on giving and receiving feedback December 11: What Is Philosophy? A discussion for the curious |
Friday, October 2, 2020
Online Event 12:00 pm – 1:30 pm EDT/GMT-4
Zoom link: https://bard.zoom.us/j/94775040518?pwd=SzJlZDNPcXZKY0tjS21YZlEzRUNzdz09 The Philosophy Salon—a new initiative to promote community among students, faculty, and staff interested in philosophy—takes place every Friday from noon to 1:30pm on Zoom. Salon events include: faculty speakers from inside and outside Bard, information sessions, conversations with alumni/ae, and informal philosophical discussions. To be added to the Salon email list, contact Kathryn Tabb at [email protected] or Ruth Zisman at [email protected]. Salon schedule: September 11: Welcome and Introductions September 18: Club of Philosophy: Jay Elliott, “Could It Be Worth Thinking About Aristotle on Slavery?” September 25: Alumni Speaker Event: Ian Olasov October 2: Speaker Series: Dana Miranda, "The Riot of Disorder" October 9: Moderation Info Session October 16: Work in Progress with Marina Van Zuylen October 23: Work in Progress with Nora Ben Hammed October 30: Halloween with Thomas Bartscherer: “All That Is Deep Loves the Mask" November 6: Politics and Change with Chiara Ricciardone November 13: Speaker Series: Krisanna Scheiter November 20: Speaker Series: Rosemarie Garland Thompson December 4: Friendly Philosopher’s Club: A workshop on giving and receiving feedback December 11: What Is Philosophy? A discussion for the curious |
Friday, October 2, 2020
Dana Francisco Miranda ’14, Assistant Professor of Philosophy, University of Massachusetts Boston
Online Event 12:00 pm – 1:30 pm EDT/GMT-4 Reflecting on this hot summer of political unrest, where many took to the streets to protest against police brutality and antiblack violence, it is typical for many people to review past racial uprisings in order to understand the current Black Lives Matter movement. For instance, the civil disorders of the 1960s are a favorite of many scholars and journalists. In these discussions, the social movements of today are compared directly against popular perceptions of (non)violence. What is less discussed or analyzed is the state of “peace” that defines or frames the political order we live under. Yet, I would argue that it is ordinary to view political orders as nonviolent. This attitude is also why it is typical to portray uprisings as disturbances or outbreaks of violence. However, inherent in this attitude is an assumption that everyday life and the politics which frame it is actually peaceful. Drawing on the works of Nelson Maldonado-Torres, Cedric Robinson and Frantz Fanon, this work will first examine how political orders come to be thought of as peaceful even if they enact state violence or condone interpersonal violence on oppressed people. It will also interrogate how this status quo is said to positively represent “law and order” in direct contrast to social movements led by Black people, which are classified as “riots” or “disorders.” Lastly, through the writings of Avia Pasternak, Martin Luther King Jr., and Vicky Osterweil, I will end with discussing the utility of political rioting. Join via Zoomhttps://bard.zoom.us/j/94775040518?pwd=SzJlZDNPcXZKY0tjS21YZlEzRUNzdz09 |
Friday, September 25, 2020
Online Event 12:00 pm – 1:30 pm EDT/GMT-4
Zoom link: https://bard.zoom.us/j/94775040518?pwd=SzJlZDNPcXZKY0tjS21YZlEzRUNzdz09 The Philosophy Salon—a new initiative to promote community among students, faculty, and staff interested in philosophy—takes place every Friday from noon to 1:30pm on Zoom. Salon events include: faculty speakers from inside and outside Bard, information sessions, conversations with alumni/ae, and informal philosophical discussions. To be added to the Salon email list, contact Kathryn Tabb at [email protected] or Ruth Zisman at [email protected]. Salon schedule: September 11: Welcome and Introductions September 18: Club of Philosophy: Jay Elliott, “Could It Be Worth Thinking About Aristotle on Slavery?” September 25: Alumni Speaker Event: Ian Olasov October 2: Speaker Series: Dana Miranda, "The Riot of Disorder" October 9: Moderation Info Session October 16: Work in Progress with Marina Van Zuylen October 23: Work in Progress with Nora Ben Hammed October 30: Halloween with Thomas Bartscherer: “All That Is Deep Loves the Mask" November 6: Politics and Change with Chiara Ricciardone November 13: Speaker Series: Krisanna Scheiter November 20: Speaker Series: Rosemarie Garland Thompson December 4: Friendly Philosopher’s Club: A workshop on giving and receiving feedback December 11: What Is Philosophy? A discussion for the curious |
Thursday, March 12, 2020
Michael Menser, CUNY Brooklyn College
Olin Humanities, Room 102 4:45 pm – 6:15 pm EDT/GMT-4 The Green New Deal changed the contemporary political debate. But what kind of philosophy grounds it? Never before has a mainstream policy framework treated the climate crisis as a global and even existential threat requiring a national commitment not seen since the Great Depression and WWII. Promoted by the Sunrise Movement and officially formulated by Rep. Ocasio-Cortez and Senator Markey, the GND has since evolved, with many candidates having their own versions, including Senators Sanders and Warren. While both have game-changing and justice-enhancing elements in their proposals, the differences are striking and illuminate a major debate about the role of the public in this time of system change. In this presentation, I will look at their proposals from the normative frameworks of economic democracy and climate justice, and argue that one of these views has a much better chance of promoting climate justice than the other. |
Friday, February 28, 2020
Justin E. H. Smith, Professor of Philosophy, University of Paris
Olin Humanities, Room 102 4:45 pm – 6:15 pm EST/GMT-5 In a classic paper, the philosopher of biology John Dupré argued that the reclassification of whales in the 19th century, from fishes to mammals, was not so much a correction of a scientific error as it was a reshuffling of largely arbitrary folk categories, since until the 19th century there was nothing in nature preventing the class of fish from including warm-blooded, milk-producing, live-birth-giving animals. More recently we have been encouraged, or perhaps pressured, to correct our previous “error” of believing that the dinosaurs went extinct at the end of the Cretaceous. They are still among us, we are told, chirping and flying about. Yet whatever phylogenetic discoveries reveal, so far the folk category of “dinosaur” has resisted most efforts to stretch it far enough to include, e.g., sparrows. That is not what a dinosaur looks like, the person in the street will reliably insist. Unlike the case of whales and fish, no one has ever seen an actual dinosaur, and a priori we might expect the folk category that contains them to be more, not less, flexible than the one from which whales were lately expelled. What can this example show us about the relationship between scientific taxonomy and the semantics of natural-kind terms? Is there any sense at all in saying that birds are really dinosaurs in spite of the way we talk about them? In this talk—in which I range broadly to explore a number of basic conceptual problems of the philosophy of taxonomy—I willl argue that there is not. |
Thursday, February 6, 2020 Olin Humanities, Room 102 4:45 pm – 6:15 pm EST/GMT-5 How did the ancient Greeks and Romans conceive of the nature of the human subject and its relationship to the divine? The Neoplatonic philosopher Plotinus (203-270 CE) famously insisted that every human is doubled: our intellect “here” in the material world has an archetype “there” in a transcendent reality, where it eternally feasts on the intelligible Forms. This lecture will explore how Plotinus’s model of doubled selfhood fared in the generation that followed immediately upon his death, particularly in a debate between two of his most important Neoplatonic successors, Porphyry of Tyre (c. 234 – c. 305) and Iamblichus of Chalcis (c. 245 – c. 325). Specifically, it will explore the implications of this model of selfhood for ritual practice, that is, for the traditional worship of the gods. |